Over and Under Cranking Your Camera

What is over-cranking the camera?  What does it do?  How is it done? What does under-cranking the camera do?  How is this done? How does this affect the image artistically?

    Over-cranking the camera is essentially increasing the amount of frames shot per second. This can create a slow motion effect once the footage is put back into a typical fps like 24p or 30p. Originally, the way that it was done with old, hand-cranked, cameras was that the filmmaker would simply just crank it faster, which is where term came from. Nowadays with digital cameras, you can do this simply by changing the frame rate in the camera's settings so that, when returned to a normal frame rate in the edit, it creates a slow motion effect. Under-cranking is the opposite, where less frames are recorded per second and thus the image appears to move faster once it's put into a normal frame rate. This is done by decreasing the frame rate in recording before putting it back into 24p or 30p (depending on the project) in the edit. These two techniques can be used for a variety of situations, having different artistic effects. Slow motion can emphasize actions more, giving them more time on screen and more weight, whereas time lapses or faster looking motion can create chaos or urgency.